山东高效农业模式下田间管理装备研究进展与对策

现代高效农业是追求经济、社会和生态综合效益最佳的现代农业产业,其发展面临着资源和环境双重压力。从产品设计与制造、机械除草、变量施肥和精准施药等角度深入分析国内外田间管理主要环节作业装备的研发现状,指出肥药资源的精准供给和农机资源的高效利用是山东省高效农业模式下田间管理装备发展面临的两大关键问题。对此,提出在田间管理全环节的关键基础理论和核心技术突破基础上,通过“以机代药”和智能化技术有机融合,实现减药降污及作业过程的精确感知与精准管控,在保证农艺要求的同时减少资源浪费,缓解生态安全问题;提出通过模块化设计使农机装备得以“按需组装”,实现高效利用;并结合现代传感、物联网等先进技术手段将田间管理装备作业过程纳入到智能农业互联网平台,构建全新高可靠农机大数据,从而实现全农艺环节的高质高效,促进山东省现代高效农业的发展。     

Nutrient Accumulation and Distribution in Cotton Promoted by Removal of Mulch Film

Plastic film mulching affects changes in nutrient contents in soil and absorption and utilization of nutrients in plants were by changing hydrothermal condition...     

Effects of sodium butyrate on growth performance,haematological and immunological characteristics of weanling piglets

The experiment was conducted to study the effects of sodium butyrate (SB) on growth, haematological and immunological characteristics in weanling pigs. A total of 100 male piglets (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with a body weight of 8.0 ± 0.2 kg weaned at the age of 28 days were randomly assigned to two treatments with five replicates and 10 pigs per replicate. Piglets received a basal diet (control group) or diets supplemented with 1000 mg/kg SB. The feeding trial lasted for 21 days. The results showed that dietary SB significantly decreased (p < 0.05) diarrhoea incidence of weaned piglets, but did not affect (p > 0.05) the average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed to gain (F/G). Furthermore, piglets fed dietary SB had higher (p < 0.05) serum concentrations of glucose and triglycerides and lower (p < 0.05) serum concentrations of urea nitrogen, cortisol, D‐lactic acid and diamine oxidase when compared with the control group. However, dietary SB did not affect concentrations of serum albumin, total protein, insulin and glucagon (p > 0.05). There were no significant (p > 0.05) treatment effects on serum IgA and IgM, whereas serum IgG concentration and IgA+ cell count in jejunum from pigs fed SB were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in those given the basal diet. In conclusion, the present study indicated that dietary SB significantly decreased diarrhoea incidence of weaned piglets and increased the efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Also, dietary SB could regulate and enhance the immune function of piglets by increasing the serum IgG concentration and IgA+ cell count in jejunum. Our results suggest that SB may reduce some of the adverse effects of weaning stress and play an important role in maintaining the integrity of intestinal mucosa.     

南北方黑木耳916品种的形态特征及营养成分比较

为了比较南北方黑木耳916品种的形态特征和营养成分,采用显微镜观察、分光光度计检测、ICP-AES元素分析等方法,观察了南北方黑木耳916的孢子、子实体切面,测定其主要化学成分及矿质元素的含量。结果表明,南北方黑木耳均为朵状、褐色,但南方黑木耳颜色稍浅,子实体稍小,子实体中的胶质略多于北方的;南北方黑木耳的孢子形态结构相似,均透明,呈月牙状、肾形或柱形;在营养成分上,南方黑木耳的水分、粗脂肪、蛋白质和多糖的含量高于北方黑木耳,而粗灰分和黑色素的含量低于北方黑木耳,钠、铁含量也低于北方黑木耳。     

Effects of dietary substitution of soya bean meal for fish meal on consumption, growth, and metabolism of juvenile giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

A 42‐day study was conducted where prawns (0.32 g) were fed diets where 0, 20, 50, 75 and 100 g (100 g)^?1 of fish meal was replaced by soya bean meal (SBM). Feed intake was not significantly affected by inclusion of SBM, while specific growth rate and conversion efficiency decreased with increasing dietary SBM. Standard metabolic rate was significantly affected by dietary soya bean level, and was the highest in the 75 g (100 g)^?1 SBM group. Carcass dry matter, crude fat and energy value declined with increasing SBM inclusion. SBM, without supplementation of amino acids or other additives, was not suitable as a major protein source in freshwater‐prawn diets.     

Effects of temperature on food consumption, growth and oxygen consumption of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man 1879) postlarvae

Effects of temperature on food consumption, growth and oxygen consumption were estimated for the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii postlarvae at 23 °C, 28 °C and 33 °C in the laboratory. The results showed that the animal's initial body weight had a close linear relationship with food consumption and growth. Food consumption increased directly with temperature. Consumption rates (C; mg day^?1 ind^?1 ) of the 28 °C and 33 °C groups were much higher than that of the 23 °C group (P < 0.001), and the 33 °C group's consumption rate was higher than that of the 28 °C group (P < 0.05). The relationship of food consumption with temperature and initial body weight (W; mg) could be described as: C = 0.0679W + 0.185t? 3.17. Growth increased significantly with increased temperature. The relationship among specific growth rate, temperature and initial body weight was as follows: SGR = ?0.110W + 0.213t + 0.176. However, temperature showed no effect on growth efficiency. Oxygen consumption increased significantly with temperature (P < 0.01). The weight‐specific oxygen consumption rates (mg O₂ g^?1 h^?1) at 23 °C, 28 °C and 33 °C were 0.83, 1.16 and 1.49 mg O₂ g^?1 h^?1 for 61.92 mg M. rosenbergii.     

引发奶牛乏情的疾病研究进展

奶牛乏情是指产后60～90 d没有发情表现的经产奶牛及14～18个月龄不发情的育成牛,机体不表现出任何明显的发情状态,导致卵泡发育不良,从而影响机体排卵,引起发情周期紊乱、妊娠推迟,这对奶牛业的发展产生重大的影响。本文主要综述奶牛出现乏情状态的繁殖性疾病的研究状况,为进一步研究奶牛产后乏情提供理论依据。     

虹鳟鱼链球菌病的诊断

1986年以来,作者对东北地区虹鳟鱼常见病进行了调查,发现链球菌病是一种多发病.发病日死亡率高达0.2%-0.5%.病鱼大部分外观无明显异常,剖检可见肠发炎和肛门淤血、肝脏呈暗红色或呈退了色的脂肪肝,肾肿大.从病鱼肾脏、肝脏等器官取病原菌,试验结果表明:此菌呈现非溶血性,能在40%胆汁培养基上发育,能水解七叶灵和马尿酸,并进行了血清分群鉴定,最后确定虹鳟鱼链球菌病是由兰氏血清学D群的粪链球菌引起的.本文也揭示了链球菌病与饵料质量的关系.     

Effects of superfine grinding on the quality characteristics of whole-wheat flour and its raw noodle product

Four particle size distributions of whole-wheat flour (WWF) with mean particle sizes (MZ) of 125-μm, 96-μm, 72-μm, and 43-μm were obtained by superfine grinding. Starch damage and Farinograph water absorption were significantly affected by the reduction of particle size, while dough development time, stability, tolerance index and time to breakdown of WWF were little changed. The peak viscosity, trough, and final viscosity of WWF significantly decreased as particle size reduced. Although finer WWFs produced by superfine grinding caused more discoloration of whole-wheat noodle (WWN) after 24 h storage, they still showed brighter noodle appearance (higher L^∗) than coarser WWFs. A significant increase in the cooking yield of WWN was noticed from the 125-μm WWF group to the 43-μm group, perhaps due to increasing damaged starch, while the 72-μm group exhibited the smallest cooking loss of WWN. Additionally, the hardness, cohesiveness, and resilience values of texture profile analysis (TPA) of cooked WWN significantly increased from the 125-μm group to the 72-μm group, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed that the 72-μm group revealed the largest coverage of starch granules and degree of protein network connectivity among the WWF groups. The results demonstrated that the superfine grinding technique could improve the quality of WWN by significantly reducing the particle size of WWFs.     

1985—2018年内蒙古自治区耕地集约利用时空变化及其驱动因素

[目的] 探索内蒙古自治区耕地集约利用时空变化规律,为改善该区耕地集约利用方式,实现耕地资源可持续利用提供科学依据。[方法] 运用主成分分析方法对内蒙古自治区全区及其12个盟市的耕地集约利用水平进行综合评价,并揭示其时空变化特征及驱动因素。[结果] ①从全区层面分析,1985—2018年期间,内蒙古自治区耕地集约度总体呈增长态势,耕地集约度由63.30增长至88.12,增幅高达39.21%,耕地集约利用总体呈波浪式增长。②从空间层面分析,通过自然分界法将内蒙古自治区各盟市耕地集约利用水平划分为5个等级,其中巴彦淖尔市和呼伦贝尔盟为高度集约型(Ⅰ级),锡林郭勒盟、兴安盟、阿拉善盟、鄂尔多斯市为较集约型(Ⅱ级),呼和浩特市为一般集约型(Ⅲ级),赤峰市、通辽市为较粗放型(Ⅳ级),乌兰察布市、包头市、乌海市为粗放型(Ⅴ级)。③从驱动因素分析,人均GDP、农民人均可支配收入、财政用于农业支出以及第一产业固定资产投资额对内蒙古自治区耕地集约利用具有显著正向驱动作用,而第一产业生产总值、城镇化率以及治理水土面积对内蒙古自治区耕地集约利用具有显著负向驱动作用。[结论] 内蒙古自治区耕地集约度总体呈增长态势,未来应规范耕地流转,加强耕地用途管控,协调产量与生态的关系,进一步提高耕地集约利用程度。